Effect of ammonium sulphate as a precursor for the synthesis of glucosamine from coconut sap

Ika Atsari Dewi, Aby Dea Admir, Hendrix Yulis Setyawan, Nur Lailatul Rahmah, Elya Mufidah

Abstract


Glucosamine is useful for overcoming joint disease or osteoarthritis. Glucosamine can be produced through synthesis involving carbon and amine. Carbon can come from plant derivatives that contain sugar, like coconut sap. While the amine branch can be derived from ammonium sulphate. This study aims to determine the effect of ammonium sulphate added as a precursor in the process of synthesizing glucosamine from coconut sap towards physiochemical characteristics of glucosamine. The research used a one-factor-randomized design with addition of six levels of ammonium sulphate, that are 1,5 M; 2M; 2,5 M; 3 M; 3,5 M and 4 M. The characterisation includes the glucosamine concentration, pH, solubility, colour, and loss on drying (LOD). The best treatment was selected by using the TOPSIS method. The results showed that the best treatment was the addition of a 3.5 M ammonium sulphate precursor compound which had a glucosamine content of 801.67 ppm; yield of 1.603%; pH 4.79; and LOD of 0.837%. The precursor concentration had significant effects on the yield of glucosamine synthesised from coconut sap. The higher of glucosamine content and the resulting yield indicate the efficiency of the treatment applied to the sample is higher.


Keywords


Ammonium sulphate; Coconut sap; Glucosamine synthesis

Full Text:

PDF

References


Cargill. (2006) Application for the Approval of the use REGENASURE-® Non–Shellfish Glucosamine Hydrochloride from Aspergillus Niger (RG-HAN) for use in Certain Foods Products under Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 for the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 1997 Concerning Novel foods and Novel Food Ingredients. Eddyville. USA: Cargill Incorporated.

Central Bureau of Statistics. (2019) Statistic in Blitar Regency 2019. https://blitarkab.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/View/id/317. (Accessed: 20 Desember 2021)

Chmielowski, R. A., Ho-Shinga, W., and Shaw, S. W. (2007) ‘Scale-up of upstream and downstream operations for the production of glucosamine using microbial fermentation’, Biotechnology Journal, 2(8), pp. 996-100

Courtouis, D., Stephane, M., and Eric, G. (2008) Production of Glucosamine from Plant Species. United States Patent 2008/0200666 A1

Dhyantari, O., Milala, C., and Widyaningsih, T. (2015) ‘Efek antiinflamasi dari ekstrak glukosamin ceker ayam pada tikus wistar jantan yang diinduksi karagenan (Anti-inflammatory effect of chicken claw glucosamine extract on carrageenan-induced male Wistar rats)’, Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 3(3), pp. 390-401 [In Indonesian]

Ghofari, M. A., Ali, R., and Rini, P. (2020) ‘Isolation of glucosamine from crayfish shell waste Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus,1758) (Malacostra: Portunidae) by hydrolysis of hydrochloric acid.’ Journal of Marine Research, 9(2), pp. 151-158

Heinsz, K. F. (1954) Preparation of a glucosamine United States Patent Office 2.884.411

Husson, J., and Didier, C. (2019) Generation of Glucosamine from Plant Material. United States Patent 10,227,368 B2

Indahyanti, E., Budi, K., and Bambang, I. (2014) ‘Optimization of bisulfite salt concentration in coconut juice quality control’, Jurnal Penelitian Saintek, 19(1), pp. 1-8

Jamkhande, P. G., Vikas, A. S., Tukaram, M. K., and Shailes, L. P. (2016) ‘Biological activities of leaves of ethnomedicinal plants, Borassus flabellifer Linn. (Palmyra Palm): An antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant evaluation.’ Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 54(1), pp. 59-66

Karseno, Setyawati, R., and Haryanti, P. (2013) ‘Penggunaan bubuk kulit buah manggis sebagai laru alami nira terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia gula kelapa (The use of mangosteen peel powder as a natural solution for sap to the physical and chemical characteristics of coconut fruit)’, Jurnal Pembangunan Pedesaan, 13(1), pp, 27-38 [In Indonesian]

Kumar, V. S., Visweswaran, N., and Aiyalu, R. (2012) ‘Isolation and characterization of glucosamine from azadirachta indica leaves: An evaluation of immunostimulant activity in mice’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3), pp. 1561-1567

Kurli, R., Shruti, H., Roopa, M., Uday, M. M., Mungi, H., and Priya, S. (2015) ‘An assessment study on extraction of glucosamine from potential source and effect of glucosamine activityaon administration of conventional drugs’, International Journal of Current Research, 7(2), pp. 12315-12320

Nurjannah, A., Darmanto, and Ima, W. (2016) ‘Optimization of glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN HCl) production from crab shell waste through chemical hydrolysis.’ JPHPI 19(1), pp. 26-35

Pratama, F., Wahono, H. S., and Indria, P. (2015) ‘Making coconut sugar from natural fermented nira (Study of the effect of anti-inversion concentration and sodium metabisulfite)’, Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 3(4), pp. 1272-1282

Rahmah, N. L., Ika, A. D., Beauty, S. D. D., Claudia, G. P., Danang, T. S., Azzimatul, I., and Wendra, G. R. (2016) ‘Reaction optimization study on crude glucosamine extraction from siwalan fruit seeds (Borassus Flabellifer L.)’, Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 17(1), pp. 1-12

Rahmah, N. L., Nur, H., and Bendy, K. H. (2019a) ‘Glucosamine Production from Palmyrah (Borassus Flabellifer L.) Seeds (a Study of Precursor Type and Concentration).’ IOP Conf. Ser.: Earthasa Environ. Sci. 230

Rahmah, N. L., Sisca, I. W., Chastita, H. N., Dimas, R. S. R. (2019b) ‘Glucosamine production from a siwalan seeds (Borassus flabellifer) using pre-treatment MAE (microwave assisted extraction)’, Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 20(2), pp. 139-144

Somawiharja, Y., Wonohadidjojo, D. M., Kartikawati, M., Suniati, F. R. T., and Purnomo, H. (2018) ‘Indigenous technology of tapping, collecting and processing of coconut (Cocos nucifera) Sap and its quality in Blitar Regency, East Java, Indonesia.’ Food Research, 2(4), pp. 2550-2166

USP. 2013. Safety Data Sheet: Glucosamine Hydrochloride. Version II.

Wang, L., Huaiyu, Y., Zehao, S., Yizhen, Y., Xiangyang, Z., and Xinggui, Z. (2019) ‘Solubility and Thermodynamics D-glucosamine 2-sulfate sodium salt in water and binary solvent mixtures with methanol, ethanol and n-propanol’, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 300, pp. 1-10


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Ika Atsari Dewi, Aby Dea Admir, Hendrix Yulis Setyawan, Nur Lailatul Rahmah, Elya Mufidah

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.