INDEX
-min1.png)
.png)
2.png)
4.png)
Valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches into activated carbon: A mini-review
Abstract
This paper aimed to comprehensively review the potential valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) into activated carbon and its potential application. Activated carbon is carbon processed through dual phases, including carbonization and activation. Firstly, this process converts biomass into carbon thermally with zero to little oxygen conditions. Next, the carbon needs to be activated to stimulate the formation of pores and reduce impurities. The activated carbon’s quality is influenced by the activation process, which can be done physically, chemically, or physiochemically. Activated carbon has an amorphous structure and abundant internal pore structure, thus increasing the surface area. In Indonesia, the quality of active carbon is regulated by Indonesian National Standards or SNI 06-370-1995. The factors influencing the activation step include activator agent type, activator agent concentration, activation ratio and time, etc. . Generally, activated carbon can be widely applied to various sectors, such as agriculture (i.e., slow-released fertilizer, fertilizer, etc.), waste treatment (i.e., adsorbent, activator in anaerobic digestion/AD, bioremediation, etc.), gas purification, ceramic membrane, etc. However, further in-depth investigation is required to determine potential scaling-up and commercialization.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Açıkyıldız, M., Gürses, A., and Karaca, S. (2014) 'Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from plant wastes with chemical activation', Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 198, pp. 45-49
Afrizon, A. (2017) 'Pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dengan pemberian pupuk organik dan anorganik (Growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings by providing organic and inorganic fertilizers)', AGRITEPA: Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pertanian, 4(1), pp. 95-105 [In Indonesian]
Ahmad Farid, M. A., Hassan, M. A., Roslan, A. M., Ariffin, H., Norrrahim, M. N. F., Othman, M. R., and Yoshihito, S. (2021) 'Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass', Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(22), pp. 27976-27987
Ahmad, F. B., Zhang, Z., Doherty, W. O. S., and O'Hara, I. M. (2019) 'The outlook of the production of advanced fuels and chemicals from integrated oil palm biomass biorefinery', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 109, pp. 386-411
Ajayi, S. M., Olusanya, S. O., Sodeinde, K. O., Didunyemi, A. E., Atunde, M. O., Fapojuwo, D. P., Olumayede, E. G., and Lawal, O. S. (2023) 'Hydrophobic modification of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch: Characterization and application in pickering emulsions stabilization', Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 5, pp. 1-12
Amin, M., Chung, E., Shah, H. H. (2023) 'Effect of different activation agents for activated carbon preparation through characterization and life cycle assessment', International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(7), pp. 7645-7656
Ao, W., Fu, J., Mao, X., Kang, Q., Ran, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Gao, Z., Li, J., Liu, G., and Dai, J. (2018) 'Microwave assisted preparation of activated carbon from biomass: A review', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92, pp. 958-979
Arslanoğlu, H., and Tümen, F. (2021) 'Potassium struvite (slow release fertilizer) and activated carbon production: Resource recovery from vinasse and grape marc organic waste using thermal processing', Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 147, pp. 1077-1087
Ayinla, R. T., Dennis, J. O., Zaid, H. M., Sanusi, Y. K., Usman, F., and Adebayo, L. L. (2019) 'A review of technical advances of recent palm bio-waste conversion to activated carbon for energy storage', Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, pp. 1427-1442
Bashir, M. J. K., Aziz, H. A., Amr, S. S. A., Sethupathi, S., Ng, C. A., and Lim, J. W. (2015) 'The competency of various applied strategies in treating tropical municipal landfill leachate', Desalination Water Treat, 54(9), pp. 2382-2395
Basu, P. (2018) Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction: Practical Design and Theory. London: Academic Press.
Bergna, D., Varila, T., Romar, H., and Lassi, U. (2022) 'Activated carbon from hydrolysis lignin: Effect of activation method on carbon properties', Biomass Bioenergy, 159, pp.1-8
Bergna, D., Varila, T., Romar, H., and Lassi, U. (2018) 'Comparison of the properties of activated carbons produced in one-stage and two-stage processes', Journal of Carbon Research, 4(3), pp. 1-10
Borghei, S. A., Zare, M. H., Ahmadi, M., Sadeghi, M. H., Marjani, A., Shirazian, S., and Ghadiri, M. (2021) 'Synthesis of multi-application activated carbon from oak seeds by KOH activation for methylene blue adsorption and electrochemical supercapacitor electrode', Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14(2), pp. 1-16
Burhani, D., and Triwahyuni, E. (2019) 'An integrated biorefinery process of oil palm empty fruit bunch for bioethanol and flame retardant', AIP Conference Proceedings, 2175(1), pp. 1-8
Choi, M. K., Park, H. C., and Choi, H. S. (2018) 'Comprehensive evaluation of various pyrolysis reaction mechanisms for pyrolysis process simulation', Comprehensive evaluation of various pyrolysis reaction mechanisms for pyrolysis process simulation, 130, pp. 19-35
Colomba, A., Berruti, F., and Briens, C. (2022) 'Model for the physical activation of biochar to activated carbon', Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 168, pp. 1-8
Durán, I., Álvarez-Gutiérrez, N., Rubiera, F., and Pevida, C. (2018) 'Biogas purification by means of adsorption on pine sawdust-based activated carbon: Impact of water vapor', Chemical Engineering Journal, 353, pp. 197-207
Gao, Y., Yue, Q., Gao, B., and Li, A. (2020) 'Insight into activated carbon from different kinds of chemical activating agents: A review', Science of The Total Environment, 746, pp. 1-19
Gayathiri, M., Pulingam, T., Lee, K. T., and Sudesh, K. (2022) 'Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: Factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism', Chemosphere, 294, pp. 1-12
Ghouma, I., Jeguirim, M., Dorge, S., Limousy, L., Ghimbeu, C.M., and Ouederni, A. (2015) 'Activated carbon prepared by physical activation of olive stones for the removal of NO2 at ambient temperature', Comptes Rendus Chimie, 18(1), pp. 63-74
González-García, P. (2018) 'Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: A review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, pp. 1393-1414
Gul, A., Ma’amor, A., Khaligh, N.G., Julkapli, N. M. (2022) 'Recent advancements in the applications of activated carbon for the heavy metals and dyes removal', Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 186, pp. 276-299
Hafyan, R. H., Bhullar, L. K., Mahadzir, S., Bilad, M. R., Nordin, N. A. H., Wirzal, M. D. H., Putra, Z. A., Rangaiah, G. P., and Abdullah, B. (2020) 'Integrated biorefinery of empty fruit bunch from palm oil industries to produce valuable biochemicals', Process, 8(7), pp. 1-24
Hambali, E., and Rivai, M. (2017) 'The potential of palm oil waste biomass in Indonesia in 2020 and 2030', IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, pp. 1-9
Harahap, F., Silveira, S., and Khatiwada, D. (2019) 'Cost competitiveness of palm oil biodiesel production in Indonesia', Energy, 170, pp. 62-72
Heidarinejad, Z., Dehghani, M.H., Heidari, M., Javedan, G., Ali, I., and Sillanpää, M. (2020) 'Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: A review', Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(2), pp. 393-415
Heryadi, R., Uyun, A., Yandri, E., Nur, S. M., Abdullah, K., and Anne, O. (2019) 'Biomass to methanol plant based on gasification of palm empty fruit bunch', IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, pp. 1-10
Hidayat, N., Suhartini, S., Utami, R. N., and Pangestuti, M. B. (2020) 'Anaerobic digestion of fungally pre-treated oil palm empty fruit bunches: energy and carbon emission footprint', IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, pp. 1-9.
Hu, X., and Gholizadeh, M. (2019) 'Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage', Journal of Energy Chemistry, 39, pp. 109-143
Huang, G. G., Liu, Y. F., Wu, X. X., and Cai, J. J. (2019) 'Activated carbons prepared by the KOH activation of a hydrochar from garlic peel and their CO2 adsorption performance', New Carbon Materials, 34(3), pp. 247-257
Illingworth, J. M., Rand, B., and Williams, P. T. (2022) 'Understanding the mechanism of two-step, pyrolysis-alkali chemical activation of fibrous biomass for the production of activated carbon fibre matting', Fuel Processing Technology, 235, pp. 1-20
Januszewicz, K., Kazimierski, P., Klein, M., Kardaś, D., and Łuczak, J. (2020) 'Activated carbon produced by pyrolysis of waste wood and straw for potential wastewater adsorption', Materials, 13(9), pp. 1-13
Jawad, A. H., and Abdulhameed, A. S. (2020) 'Statistical modeling of methylene blue dye adsorption by high surface area mesoporous activated carbon from bamboo chip using KOH-assisted thermal activation', Energy, Ecology and Environment, 5(6), pp. 456-469
Jawad, A. H., Razuan, R., Appaturi, J. N., and Wilson, L. D. (2019) 'Adsorption and mechanism study for methylene blue dye removal with carbonized watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind prepared via one-step liquid phase H2SO4 activation', Surfaces and Interfaces, 16, pp. 76-84
Jin, H., Capareda, S., Chang, Z., Gao, J., Xu, Y., and Zhang, J. (2014) 'Biochar pyrolytically produced from municipal solid wastes for aqueous As(V) removal: Adsorption property and its improvement with KOH activation', Bioresource Technology, 169, pp. 622-629
Jjagwe, J., Olupot, P. W., Menya, E., and Kalibbala, H. M. (2021) 'Synthesis and application of granular activated carbon from biomass waste materials for water treatment: A review', Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 6(4), pp. 292-322
Kårelid, V., Larsson, G., and Björlenius, B. (2017) 'Pilot-scale removal of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater: Comparison of granular and powdered activated carbon treatment at three wastewater treatment plants', Journal of Environmental Management, 193, pp. 491-502
Karić, N., Maia, A. S., Teodorović, A., Atanasova, N., Langergraber, G., Crini, G., Ribeiro, A. R. L., and Đolić, M. (2022) 'Bio-waste valorisation: Agricultural wastes as biosorbents for removal of (in)organic pollutants in wastewater treatment', Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 9, pp. 1-17
Kristiani, A., Effendi, N., Aristiawan, Y., Aulia, F., and Sudiyani, Y. (2015) 'Effect of combining chemical and irradiation pretreatment process to characteristic of oil palm's empty fruit bunches as raw material for second generation bioethanol', Energy Procedia, 68, pp. 195-204
Kumar, D. P., Ramesh, D., Subramanian, P., Karthikeyan, S., and Surendrakumar, A. (2022) 'Activated carbon production from coconut leaflets through chemical activation: Process optimization using Taguchi approach', Bioresource Technology Reports, 19, pp. 1-10
Kurniawan, I. D. O., Kurniawan, R. Y., Widiastuti, N., Atmaja, L., and Shofiyani, A. (2019) 'Development of activated carbon material from oil palm empty fruit bunch for CO2 adsorption', Jurnal Teknik ITS, 8(2), pp. 86-94
Kwiatkowski, M., and Broniek, E. (2017) 'An analysis of the porous structure of activated carbons obtained from hazelnut shells by various physical and chemical methods of activation', Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 529, pp. 443-453
Li, H., Zheng, F., Wang, J., Zhou, J., Huang, X., Chen, L., Hu, P., Gao, J. M., Zhen, Q., Bashir, S., and Liu, J. L. (2020a) 'Facile preparation of zeolite-activated carbon composite from coal gangue with enhanced adsorption performance', Chemical Engineering Journal, 390, pp. 1-11
Li, Y., Xing, B., Ding, Y., Han, X., and Wang, S. (2020b) 'A critical review of the production and advanced utilization of biochar via selective pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass', Bioresource Technology, 312, pp. 1-15
Luke, S. H., Advento, A. D., Aryawan, A. A. K., Adhy, D. N., Ashton-Butt, A., Barclay, H., Dewi, J. P., Drewer, J., Dumbrell, A.J., and Edi. (2020) 'Managing oil palm plantations more sustainably: Large-scale experiments within the biodiversity and ecosystem function in tropical agriculture (BEFTA) programme', Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 2(75), pp. 1-20
Lütke, S. F., Igansi, A. V., Pegoraro, L., Dotto, G. L., Pinto, L. A. A., and Cadaval, T. R. S. (2019) 'Preparation of activated carbon from black wattle bark waste and its application for phenol adsorption', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(5), pp. 1-9
Mariah, M. A. A., Rovina, K., Vonnie, J. M., and Erna, K. H. (2023) 'Characterization of activated carbon from waste tea (Camellia sinensis) using chemical activation for removal of methylene blue and cadmium ions', South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 44, pp. 113-122
Mbarki, F., Selmi, T., Kesraoui, A., and Seffen, M. (2022) 'Low-cost activated carbon preparation from Corn stigmata fibers chemically activated using H3PO4, ZnCl2 and KOH: Study of methylene blue adsorption, stochastic isotherm and fractal kinetic', Industrial Crops and Products, 178, pp. 1-16
Meinel, F., Ruhl, A. S., Sperlich, A., Zietzschmann, F., and Jekel, M. (2014) 'Pilot-scale investigation of micropollutant removal with granular and powdered activated carbon', Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 226, pp. 1-10
Mistar, E. M., Alfatah, T., and Supardan, M. D. (2020) 'Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from Bambusa vulgaris striata using two-step KOH activation', Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(3), pp. 6278-6286
Mopoung, S., and Dejang, N. (2021) 'Activated carbon preparation from eucalyptus wood chips using continuous carbonization–steam activation process in a batch intermittent rotary kiln', Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp. 1-9
Nayak, A., Bhushan, B., Gupta, V., and Sharma, P. (2017) 'Chemically activated carbon from lignocellulosic wastes for heavy metal wastewater remediation: Effect of activation conditions', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 493, pp. 228-240
Negara, D. N. K. P., Nindhia, T. G. T., Surata, I. W., Hidajat, F., and Sucipta, M. (2020) 'Textural characteristics of activated carbons derived from tabah bamboo manufactured by using H3PO4 chemical activation', Materials Today: Proceedings, 22, pp. 148-155
Nowicki, P., Kazmierczak, J., and Pietrzak, R. (2015) 'Comparison of physicochemical and sorption properties of activated carbons prepared by physical and chemical activation of cherry stones', Powder Technology, 269, pp. 312-319
Nurika, I., Shabrina, E. N., Azizah, N., Suhartini, S., Bugg, T. D. H., and Barker, G. C. (2022) 'Application of ligninolytic bacteria to the enhancement of lignocellulose breakdown and methane production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB)', Bioresource Technology Reports,17, pp. 1-10
Nuryadi, A. P., Pratomo, T. B., and Raksodewanto, A. A. (2019) 'Analysis of the feasibility of small-biomass power generation from the palm oil mill–study case: palm oil mill in Riau-Indonesia', IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, pp. 1-6
Özsin, G., Kılıç, M., Apaydın-Varol, E., and Pütün, A. E. (2019) 'Chemically activated carbon production from agricultural waste of chickpea and its application for heavy metal adsorption: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies', Applied Water Science, 9(56), pp. 1-14
Pallarés, J., González-Cencerrado, A., and Arauzo, I. (2018) 'Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam', Biomass Bioenergy, 115, pp. 64-73
Parbowo, H. S., Ardy, A., and Susanto, H. (2019) 'Techno-economic analysis of dimethyl ether production using oil palm empty fruit bunches as feedstock–a case study for Riau', IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, pp. 1-9
Purba, J. H. V., and Sipayung, T. (2018) 'Perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia dalam perspektif pembangunan berkelanjutan (Indonesian oil palm plantations from a sustainable development perspective)', Jurnal Masyarakat Indonesia, 43(1), pp. 81-94 [In Indonesian]
Rahmi, M., Taufiq, B., Indah, R., Syahputri, K., Mangara, M., and Wandika, A. S. (2019) 'Economic feasibility analysis of hydrogen production from raw materials of oil palm empty fruit bunches', Journal of Physics: Conference Series, pp. 1-8
Rainone, F., D’Agostino, O., Erto, A., Balsamo, M., and Lancia, A. (2021) 'Biogas upgrading by adsorption onto activated carbon and carbon molecular sieves: Experimental and modelling study in binary CO2/CH4 mixture', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5), pp. 1-11
Ramlee, N. A., Jawaid, M., Zainudin, E. S., and Yamani, S. A. K. (2019) 'Tensile, physical and morphological properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch/sugarcane bagasse fibre reinforced phenolic hybrid composites', Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(4), pp. 3466-3474
Rashidi, N. A., and Yusup, S. (2017) 'A review on recent technological advancement in the activated carbon production from oil palm wastes', Chemical Engineering Journal, 314, pp. 277-290
Raut, E. R., Bedmohata, M. A., and Chaudhari, A. R. (2022) 'Comparative study of preparation and characterization of activated carbon obtained from sugarcane bagasse and rice husk by using H3PO4 and ZnCl2', Materials Today: Proceedings, 66, pp. 1875-1884
Reza, M. S., Yun, C. S., Afroze, S., Radenahmad, N., Bakar, M. S. A., Saidur, R., Taweekun, J., and Azad, A. K. (2020) 'Preparation of activated carbon from biomass and its’ applications in water and gas purification, a review', Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 27(1), pp. 208-238
Risdianto, H., Kardiansyah, T., and Sugiharto, A. (2016) 'Empty fruit bunches for pulp and paper production: The current state in Indonesia', Journal of Korea TAPPI, 48(6), pp. 25-31
Ronda, A., Martín-Lara, M. A., Calero, M., and Blázquez, G. (2015) 'Complete use of an agricultural waste: Application of untreated and chemically treated olive stone as biosorbent of lead ions and reuse as fuel', Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 104, pp. 740-751
Rustamaji, H., Prakoso, T., Devianto, H., and Widiatmoko, P. (2023) 'Parameter study in preparation of nitrogen-rich-activated carbon for supercapacitors' application using multilevel factorial design', Materials Today: Proceedings, pp. 1-10
Rustamaji, H., Prakoso, T., Devianto, H., Widiatmoko, P., and Saputera, W. H. (2022) 'Urea nitrogenated mesoporous activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch for high-performance supercapacitor', Journal of Energy Storage, 52, pp. 1-10
Sakai, K., Hassan, M. A., Vairappan, C. S., and Shirai, Y. (2022) 'Promotion of a green economy with the palm oil industry for biodiversity conservation: A touchstone toward a sustainable bioindustry', Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 133(5), pp. 414-424
Santi, L. P., Kalbuadi, D. N., and Goenadi, D. H. (2019) 'Empty fruit bunches as potential source for biosilica fertilizer for oil palm', Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 4(3), pp. 90-96
Sevilla, M., Díez, N., and Fuertes, A. B. (2021) 'More sustainable chemical activation strategies for the production of porous carbons', ChemSusChem, 14(1), pp. 94-117
Sharif, Y. M., Saka, C., Baytar, O., and Şahin, Ö. (2018) 'Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from sesame seed shells by microwave and conventional heating with zinc chloride activation', Analytical Letters, 51(17), pp. 2733-2746
Shigetomi, Y., Ishimura, Y., and Yamamoto, Y. (2020) 'Trends in global dependency on the Indonesian palm oil and resultant environmental impacts', Scientific Reports, 10(1), pp. 1-11
Shoaib, M., and Al-Swaidan, H. M. (2015) 'Optimization and characterization of sliced activated carbon prepared from date palm tree fronds by physical activation', Biomass Bioenergy, 73, pp. 124-134
Shrestha, D., Maensiri, S., Wongpratat, U., Lee, S. W., and Nyachhyon, A. R. (2019) 'Shorea robusta derived activated carbon decorated with manganese dioxide hybrid composite for improved capacitive behaviors', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(5), pp. 1-11
Sidik, D. A. B., Norman, A. L., Mon, V. K., Kuichalan, P., Muhamad, A., Ismail, N. I. M., and Hairom, N. H. H. (2022) 'Performance of coconut husk activated carbon (CHAC) for polluted river water treatment', Multidisciplinary Applied Research and Innovation, 3(1), pp. 15-21
Sisnayati, Said, M., Nasir, S., Priadi, D. P., Faizal, M., and Aprianti, T. (2023) 'Effect of activated carbon made from oil palm empty-fruit bunch and iron oxide powder on the performance of ceramic membrane', Open Ceramics, 13, pp. 1-5
Suhartini, S., Hidayat, N., and Nurika, I. (2020) 'Evaluation of biogas potential from empty fruit oil palm bunches', IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, pp. 1-10
Suhartini, S., Hidayat, N., Rohma, N. A., Paul, R., Pangestuti, M. B., Utami, R. N., Nurika, I., and Melville, L. (2022a) 'Sustainable strategies for anaerobic digestion of oil palm empty fruit bunches in Indonesia: A review', International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 41(11), pp. 2044-2096.
Suhartini, S., Rohma, N. A., Elviliana, Hidayat, N., Sunyoto, N. M. S., Mardawati, E., Kasbawati, Mascruhin, N., Idrus, S., Fitria, Jung, Y. H., and Melville, L. (2023) 'Comparison of acid and alkaline pre-treatment on methane production from empty palm oil fruit bunches (OPEFB): Effect on characteristics, digester performance, and correlation of kinetic parameters', Renewable Energy, 215, pp. 1-15
Suhartini, S., Rohma, N. A., Mardawati, E., Kasbawati, Hidayat, N., and Melville, L. (2022b) 'Biorefining of oil palm empty fruit bunches for bioethanol and xylitol production in Indonesia: A review', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,154, pp. 1-25
Tadda, M. A., Ahsan, A., Shitu, A., ElSergany, M., Arunkumar, T., Jose, B., Razzaque, M. A., and Daud, N. N. (2016) 'A review on activated carbon: Process, application and prospects', Journal of Advanced Civil Engineering Practice and Research, 2(1), pp. 7-13
Thithai, V., Jin, X., Ahmed, M. A., and Choi, J. W. (2021) 'Physicochemical properties of activated carbons produced from coffee waste and empty fruit bunch by chemical activation method', Energies, 14(11), pp. 1-16
Tomul, F., Arslan, Y., Kabak, B., Trak, D., Kendüzler, E., Lima, E. C., and Tran, H. N. (2020) 'Peanut shells-derived biochars prepared from different carbonization processes: Comparison of characterization and mechanism of naproxen adsorption in water', Science of The Total Environment, 726, pp. 1-16
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2023) Palm Oil Explorer, (Ed.) Foreign Agricultural Service. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Ulfah, M., Raharjo, S., Hastuti, P., and Darmadji, P. (2019) 'The influence of textural and chemical properties of palm kernel shell activated carbon on the adsorption capacity and desorption efficiency of â-carotene in a model system', International Food Research Journal, 26(1), pp. 345-353
Wang, H., Xu, J., Liu, X., and Sheng, L. (2021a) 'Preparation of straw activated carbon and its application in wastewater treatment: A review', Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, pp. 1-19
Wang, J., Chen, S., Xu, J. Y., Liu, L. C., Zhou, J. C., and Cai, J. J. (2021b) 'High-surface-area porous carbons produced by the mild KOH activation of a chitosan hydrochar and their CO2 capture', New Carbon Materials, 36(6), pp. 1081-1090
Wang, J., Liu, T. L., Huang, Q. X., Ma, Z. Y., Chi, Y., and Yan, J. H. (2017) 'Production and characterization of high quality activated carbon from oily sludge', Fuel Processing Technology, 162, pp. 13-19
Wirasnita, R., Hadibarata, T., Yusoff, A. R. M., and Yusop, Z. (2014) 'Removal of bisphenol a from aqueous solution by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch', Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 225(10), pp. 1-12
Yahya, M. A., Al-Qodah, Z., and Ngah, C. W. Z. (2015) 'Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, pp. 218-235
Yameen, M. Z., AlMohamadi, H., Naqvi, S. R., Noor, T., Chen, W. H., and Amin, N. A. S. (2023) 'Advances in production & activation of marine macroalgae-derived biochar catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production', Fuel, 337, pp. 1-17
Yi, H., Nakabayashi, K., Yoon, S. H., and Miyawaki, J. (2021) 'Pressurized physical activation: A simple production method for activated carbon with a highly developed pore structure', Carbon, 183, pp. 735-742
Yoo, H. M., Park, S. W., Seo, Y. C., and Kim, K. H. (2019) 'Applicability assessment of empty fruit bunches from palm oil mills for use as bio-solid refuse fuels', Journal of Environmental Management, 234, pp. 1-7
Zaini, M. A. A., Zhi, L. L., Hui, T. S., Amano, Y., and Machida, M. (2021) 'Effects of physical activation on pore textures and heavy metals removal of fiber-based activated carbons', Materials Today: Proceedings, 39, pp. 917-921
Zakaria, M. R., Farid, M. A. A., Andou, Y., Ramli, I., and Hassan, M. A. (2023) 'Production of biochar and activated carbon from oil palm biomass: Current status, prospects, and challenges', Industrial Crops and Products, 199, pp. 1-23
Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y. P., Qiu, L. L., Xiao, J., Wu, F. P., Cao, J. P., Bai, Y. H., and Liu, F. J. (2022) 'Insights into the KOH activation parameters in the preparation of corncob-based microporous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors', Diamond and Related Materials, 129, pp. 1-12
Zhou, J., Luo, A., and Zhao, Y. (2018) 'Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea by physical activation using steam', Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 68(12), pp. 1269-1277
Zhou, Y., Qin, S., Verma, S., Sar, T., Sarsaiya, S., Ravindran, B., Liu, T., Sindhu, R., Patel, A. K., Binod, P., Varjani, S., Singhnia, R. R., Zhang, Z., Awasthi, M. K. (2021) 'Production and beneficial impact of biochar for environmental application: A comprehensive review', Bioresource Technology, 337, pp. 1-14
Zubaidah, S., Hartoyo, A. P. P., Sihombing, J. K., Herliyana, E. N., Darmawan, S., Sari, N. R., Prabowo, M. N. I., Hermawan, I., Maulida, I., and Solikhin, A. (2021) 'Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency', Water Science and Technology, 83(11), pp. 2652-2668
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.afssaae.2024.007.01.9
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Andhika Putra Agus Pratama
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
