Energy bill and CO2 emissions of white corn (Zea mays) production systems of Calbayog, Samar, Philippines

Archie Lauderes

doi:10.21776/ub.afssaae.2020.003.02.1

Energy bill and CO2 emissions of white corn (Zea mays) production systems of Calbayog, Samar, Philippines

Archie Lauderes

Abstract

Low production in white corn is usually encountered by many farmers due to the reduction of production areas, incidence of pest and diseases, soil degradation in terms of fertility and acidity and climate change. As the world population continues to expand, there is greater pressure on resources essential for food production, including fossil energy. Hence, quest for additional calorie food sources that will require less energy and less water are needed. Data in this study were gathered using formal survey questionnaire to account the energy bill, CO₂emissions, and identify the high consuming practices in all production stages of corn. Under the farming conditions of Calbayog, Samar, at the energy audit analyses showed that white corn had 2,822.43 Mcal or 247.28 Liter Diesel Oil Equivalent (LDOE) which emits 978.12 kg of CO₂ per hectare.

Keywords

Energy balance; Energy efficiency; Energy use; LDOE

Full Text:

PDF

References

Alam, M. S., and Islam, K. (2005) ‘Energy flow in agriculture: Bangladesh’, American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(1), pp. 213-220

Baake, R. (2016) Industrialized nations must lead an exit strategy for fossil fuel [Online]. Available at http://blog.rmi.org/ blog_2016_04_11_industrialised_nations_must_lead_an_exit_strategyfor_fossil_fuels (Accessed 18 December 2017)

BP. (1994) British petroleum statistical review of world energy. London: British Petroleum Corporate Communications Services

Campbell, C.J. (1997) ‘The coming oil crisis’, New York: Multiscience Publishing Company & Petroconsultants S.A.

Calbayog City Agriculture Office Annual Report 2016. Accessed 2017

Doering, O. C. (1980) ‘Accounting for energy in farm machinery and buildings’ in Pimentel D (Ed.) Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp 9-14

Duncan, R. C. (1997) ‘The world petroleum life-cycle: encircling the production peak’, Space Studies Institute, 9, pp. 1-8

Duncan, R. C., and Youngquist, W. (1999) ‘Encircling the peak of world oil production’, Natural Resources Research, 8, pp. 219-232

Gliesman, S. R. (2015) ‘Agroecology: The ecology of sustainable food systems’, Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Hatirli, S. A., Ozkan, B., and Fert, C. (2005) ‘An econometric analysis of input energy/output in Turkish agriculture’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9, pp. 608–623

Kazemi, H., Kamkar, B., Lakzaei, S., Badsar, M., and Shahbyki, M. (2015) ‘Energy flow analysis for rice production in different geographical regions of Iran’, Energy, 84, pp. 390-396

Ozkan, B., Akcaoz, H., and Fert, C. (2004) ‘Energy input-output analysis in Turkish agriculture and Irrigation’, Renewable Energy, 29, pp. 39-51

Mendoza, T.C. (2005) ‘An Energy- based analysis organic, low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) and conventional rice production in the Philippines’, The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 88 (3), pp. 257-267

Mendoza, T. C. (2016) ‘Reducing the high energy bill and carbon footprint for an energy and climate change-compliant sugarcane production’. University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines

Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Abdi, R., Rafiee, S., and Mobtaker, H. G. (2013) ‘Optimization of energy required and greenhouse gas emissions analysis for orange producers using data envelopment analysis approach’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, pp. 311-317

Pfeiffer, D.A. (2004) Eating Fossil Fuels [Online]. Available at https://www.organicconsumers.org (Accessed: 03 October 2016)

Pimentel, D. (2009) ’Energy inputs in food crop production in developing and developed nations’, Energies, 2, pp. 1-24

Salazar, A. M. (2013) ‘White corn grits as food paper’, in Proceedings of the 9th Philippine National Corn Congress, Taal Vista Lodge, Tagaytay City, 23-25 October 2013

Samar Provincial Agriculture 2017 Annual Report. Accessed 2019

Tabal, E. (2017) ‘The energy bill of white corn production in Barangay Vitali’, Zamboanga City. pp 1-43

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.afssaae.2020.003.02.1